cwevent: Expanded event descriptor

cwevent is a command-line tool which extracts detailed information about individual events (plays) in the data file. These are grouped into two categories. There are 97 fields which are compatible with the Retrosheet BEVENT event descriptor tool. These are specified using the -f command-line flag. In addition, cwevent offers a number “extended” fields which expand upon or give more detailed information not easily accessed via the standard fields. These are specified using the -x command-line flag.

Player substitutions are not events and therefore do not produce cwevent records. Use cwsub alongside cwevent when substitution data is needed, including changes made during a plate appearance.

Note

cwevent guarantees that the standard field numbers will match those used by BEVENT. Standard field numbers therefore can be treated as stable, and it should be safe to write scripts referring to them. Extended fields are provisional, and extended fields may be added or withdrawn in future versions. Extended fields are assigned numbers to maintain a logical cohesion, with related fields being grouped. Therefore, extended field numbers are not promised to be stable. It is recommended to use the field labels instead in writing scripts to process the output of cwevent extended fields.

See also

Command-line options for the command-line options shared by all Chadwick tools.

cwevent standard field numbers

Field number	Description	Header
0	Game ID	GAME_ID
1	Visiting team	AWAY_TEAM_ID
2	Inning	INN_CT
3	Batting team	BAT_HOME_ID
4	Outs	OUTS_CT
5	Balls	BALLS_CT
6	Strikes	STRIKES_CT
7	Pitch sequence	PITCH_SEQ_TX
8	Visitor score	AWAY_SCORE_CT
9	Home score	HOME_SCORE_CT
10	Batter	BAT_ID
11	Batter hand	BAT_HAND_CD
12	Result batter	RESP_BAT_ID
13	Result batter hand	RESP_BAT_HAND_CD
14	Pitcher	PIT_ID
15	Pitcher hand	PIT_HAND_CD
16	Result pitcher	RESP_PIT_ID
17	Result pitcher hand	RESP_PIT_HAND_CD
18	Catcher	POS2_FLD_ID
19	First baseman	POS3_FLD_ID
20	Second baseman	POS4_FLD_ID
21	Third baseman	POS5_FLD_ID
22	Shortstop	POS6_FLD_ID
23	Left fielder	POS7_FLD_ID
24	Center fielder	POS8_FLD_ID
25	Right fielder	POS9_FLD_ID
26	Runner on first	BASE1_RUN_ID
27	Runner on second	BASE2_RUN_ID
28	Runner on third	BASE3_RUN_ID
29	Event text	EVENT_TX
30	Leadoff flag	LEADOFF_FL
31	Pinch-hit flag	PH_FL
32	Defensive position	BAT_FLD_CD
33	Lineup position	BAT_LINEUP_ID
34	Event type	EVENT_CD
35	Batter event flag	BAT_EVENT_FL
36	Official time at bat flag	AB_FL
37	Hit value	H_CD
38	Sacrifice hit flag	SH_FL
39	Sacrifice fly flag	SF_FL
40	Outs on play	EVENT_OUTS_CT
41	Double play flag	DP_FL
42	Triple play flag	TP_FL
43	RBI on play	RBI_CT
44	Wild pitch flag	WP_FL
45	Passed ball flag	PB_FL
46	Fielded by	FLD_CD
47	Batted ball type	BATTEDBALL_CD
48	Bunt flag	BUNT_FL
49	Foul flag	FOUL_FL
50	Hit location	BATTEDBALL_LOC_TX
51	Number of errors	ERR_CT
52	1st error player	ERR1_FLD_CD
53	1st error type	ERR1_CD
54	2nd error player	ERR2_FLD_CD
55	2nd error type	ERR2_CD
56	3rd error player	ERR3_FLD_CD
57	3rd error type	ERR3_CD
58	Batter destination	BAT_DEST_ID
59	Runner on first destination	RUN1_DEST_ID
60	Runner on second destination	RUN2_DEST_ID
61	Runner on third destination	RUN3_DEST_ID
62	Play on batter	BAT_PLAY_TX
63	Play on runner on first	RUN1_PLAY_TX
64	Play on runner on second	RUN2_PLAY_TX
65	Play on runner on third	RUN3_PLAY_TX
66	Stolen base for runner on first	RUN1_SB_FL
67	Stolen base for runner on second	RUN2_SB_FL
68	Stolen base for runner on third	RUN3_SB_FL
69	Caught stealing for runner on first	RUN1_CS_FL
70	Caught stealing for runner on second	RUN2_CS_FL
71	Caught stealing for runner on third	RUN3_CS_FL
72	Pickoff of runner on first	RUN1_PK_FL
73	Pickoff of runner on second	RUN2_PK_FL
74	Pickoff of runner on third	RUN3_PK_FL
75	Pitcher charged with runner on first	RUN1_RESP_PIT_ID
76	Pitcher charged with runner on second	RUN2_RESP_PIT_ID
77	Pitcher charged with runner on third	RUN3_RESP_PIT_ID
78	New game flag	GAME_NEW_FL
79	End game flag	GAME_END_FL
80	Pinch-runner on first	PR_RUN1_FL
81	Pinch-runner on second	PR_RUN2_FL
82	Pinch-runner on third	PR_RUN3_FL
83	Runner removed for pinch-runner on first	REMOVED_FOR_PR_RUN1_ID
84	Runner removed for pinch-runner on second	REMOVED_FOR_PR_RUN2_ID
85	Runner removed for pinch-runner on third	REMOVED_FOR_PR_RUN3_ID
86	Batter removed for pinch-hitter	REMOVED_FOR_PH_BAT_ID
87	Position of batter removed for pinch-hitter	REMOVED_FOR_PH_BAT_FLD_CD
88	Fielder with first putout	PO1_FLD_CD
89	Fielder with second putout	PO2_FLD_CD
90	Fielder with third putout	PO3_FLD_CD
91	Fielder with first assist	ASS1_FLD_CD
92	Fielder with second assist	ASS2_FLD_CD
93	Fielder with third assist	ASS3_FLD_CD
94	Fielder with fourth assist	ASS4_FLD_CD
95	Fielder with fifth assist	ASS5_FLD_CD
96	Event number	EVENT_ID

cwevent extended field numbers

Field number	Description	Header
0	home team id	HOME_TEAM_ID
1	batting team id	BAT_TEAM_ID
2	fielding team id	FLD_TEAM_ID
3	half inning (differs from batting team if home team bats first)	BAT_LAST_ID
4	start of half inning flag	INN_NEW_FL
5	end of half inning flag	INN_END_FL
6	score for team on offense	START_BAT_SCORE_CT
7	score for team on defense	START_FLD_SCORE_CT
8	runs scored in this half inning	INN_RUNS_CT
9	number of plate appearances in game for team on offense	GAME_PA_CT
10	number of plate appearances in inning for team on offense	INN_PA_CT
11	start of plate appearance flag	PA_NEW_FL
12	truncated plate appearance flag	PA_TRUNC_FL
13	base state at start of play	START_BASES_CD
14	base state at end of play	END_BASES_CD
15	batter is starter flag	BAT_START_FL
16	result batter is starter flag	RESP_BAT_START_FL
17	ID of the batter on deck	BAT_ON_DECK_ID
18	ID of the batter in the hold	BAT_IN_HOLD_ID
19	pitcher is starter flag	PIT_START_FL
20	result pitcher is starter flag	RESP_PIT_START_FL
21	defensive position of runner on first	RUN1_FLD_CD
22	lineup position of runner on first	RUN1_LINEUP_CD
23	event number on which runner on first reached base	RUN1_ORIGIN_EVENT_ID
24	defensive position of runner on second	RUN2_FLD_CD
25	lineup position of runner on second	RUN2_LINEUP_CD
26	event number on which runner on second reached base	RUN2_ORIGIN_EVENT_ID
27	defensive position of runner on third	RUN3_FLD_CD
28	lineup position of runner on third	RUN3_LINEUP_CD
29	event number on which runner on third reached base	RUN3_ORIGIN_EVENT_ID
30	Responsible catcher for runner on first	RUN1_RESP_CAT_ID
31	Responsible catcher for runner on second	RUN2_RESP_CAT_ID
32	Responsible catcher for runner on third	RUN3_RESP_CAT_ID
33	number of balls in plate appearance	PA_BALL_CT
34	number of called balls in plate appearance	PA_CALLED_BALL_CT
35	number of intentional balls in plate appearance	PA_INTENT_BALL_CT
36	number of pitchouts in plate appearance	PA_PITCHOUT_BALL_CT
37	number of pitches hitting batter in plate appearance	PA_HITBATTER_BALL_CT
38	number of other balls in plate appearance	PA_OTHER_BALL_CT
39	number of strikes in plate appearance	PA_STRIKE_CT
40	number of called strikes in plate appearance	PA_CALLED_STRIKE_CT
41	number of swinging strikes in plate appearance	PA_SWINGMISS_STRIKE_CT
42	number of foul balls in plate appearance	PA_FOUL_STRIKE_CT
43	number of balls in play in plate appearance	PA_INPLAY_STRIKE_CT
44	number of other strikes in plate appearance	PA_OTHER_STRIKE_CT
45	number of runs on play	EVENT_RUNS_CT
46	id of player fielding batted ball	FLD_ID
47	force play at second flag	BASE2_FORCE_FL
48	force play at third flag	BASE3_FORCE_FL
49	force play at home flag	BASE4_FORCE_FL
50	batter safe on error flag	BAT_SAFE_ERR_FL
51	fate of batter (base ultimately advanced to)	BAT_FATE_ID
52	fate of runner on first	RUN1_FATE_ID
53	fate of runner on second	RUN2_FATE_ID
54	fate of runner on third	RUN3_FATE_ID
55	runs scored in half inning after this event	FATE_RUNS_CT
56	fielder with sixth assist	ASS6_FLD_CD
57	fielder with seventh assist	ASS7_FLD_CD
58	fielder with eighth assist	ASS8_FLD_CD
59	fielder with ninth assist	ASS9_FLD_CD
60	fielder with tenth assist	ASS10_FLD_CD
61	unknown fielding credit flag	UNKNOWN_OUT_EXC_FL
62	uncertain play flag	UNCERTAIN_PLAY_EXC_FL
63	text of count as appears in event file	COUNT_TX
64	whether runner on first is an automatic runner	RUN1_AUTO_FL
65	whether runner on second is an automatic runner	RUN2_AUTO_FL
66	whether runner on third is an automatic runner	RUN3_AUTO_FL

Result batters and pitchers (fields 10-17)

In most cases, the pitcher and batter charged or credited with an event are the players in the game when the event occurs. However, Rule 9.15(b) governs how a strikeout is charged when a substitute batter enters with two strikes, and Rule 9.16(h) governs how a walk is charged when a relief pitcher enters during a plate appearance. The batter and pitcher fields identify the players in the game at the time of the event; the result batter and result pitcher fields identify the players credited or charged with the event.

Because a mid-plate-appearance substitution is not itself an event, cwevent does not emit a record at the point when the batter or pitcher changes. cwsub reports these substitutions together with the count and pitch sequence accumulated through the time of the change.

There is one known bug in the Retrosheet-provided tools regarding the result pitcher. When a relief pitcher enters the game, and then the next batter is retired on a fielder’s choice, the pitcher responsible for the runner put out is shown in the result pitcher field. While it is correct that the batter reaching base in this case would be charged to the former pitcher should he score, the purpose of the result pitcher field is to indicate the pitcher charged with the outcome of this particular event. In this case, for example, the relief pitcher is awarded one-third of an inning pitched; therefore, he should be the result pitcher, and then the previous pitcher should be (and is) listed in the responsible pitcher field for the batter in subsequent events.

In the case of switch-hitters, the batter hand and result batter hand fields are set to L or R, as appropriate, based upon the hand with which the pitcher throws. If the pitcher’s throwing hand is unknown, or if the batter’s batting hand is unknown, a question mark appears in these fields.

Pinch-hit flag (field 31)

This field is T if the batter is a pinch-hitter, and F if he is not. If a player enters the game as a pinch-hitter, and then bats again in the same inning because his team bats around, this field will be F for the player’s second plate appearance. To identify the cases where this occurs, consult the defensive position field (field 32), which will continue to be equal to 11 (or 12 for a pinch-runner) until that player assumes a defensive position.

Event type code (field 34)

All plays are categorized by their primary event type. Here is a list of all types and the corresponding codes used in this field. Codes marked “obsolete” are no longer used, or no longer appear in Retrosheet-produced play-by-play files.

cwevent event type codes

Code	Primary event
0	Unknown (obsolete)
1	None (obsolete)
2	Generic out
3	Strikeout
4	Stolen base
5	Defensive indifference
6	Caught stealing
7	Pickoff error (obsolete)
8	Pickoff
9	Wild pitch
10	Passed ball
11	Balk
12	Other advance/out advancing
13	Foul error
14	Walk
15	Intentional walk
16	Hit by pitch
17	Interference
18	Error
19	Fielder’s choice
20	Single
21	Double
22	Triple
23	Home run
24	Missing play (obsolete)

Sacrifice flags and eras (fields 36, 38, 39)

Chadwick in all cases applies the modern rules concerning the awarding of sacrifice hits, sacrifice flies, and official times at bat, regardless of the year indicated with the -y flag.

Plays on runners (fields 58-65)

Fields 58 through 65 give the destination of all runners, including the batter, as well as the fielding play made on them, if any. For the purposes of the destination fields, a code of 5 indicates the runner scored, and is charged as unearned, and a code of 6 indicates the runner scored, and is charged as unearned to the team, but earned to the pitcher. These codes only appear when the (NR) or (TUR) modifiers are explicitly used on the advancement code. There is no internal logic in Chadwick to ferret out which runs should be earned or unearned, as in many cases there is insufficient information, or the situation requires the judgment of the official scorer. Runners which are put out are reported as having an advancement of 0.

Automatic runners are reported using the extended fields RUN1_AUTO_FL, RUN2_AUTO_FL, and RUN3_AUTO_FL. Each flag indicates whether the runner occupying that base at the start of the play is the result of an automatic-runner placement. Automatic runners use the same destination codes as other runners.

For the purposes of tracking automatic runners, Chadwick follows the same convention as is used for assigning responsibility for runners to pitchers: in the event that an automatic runner is put out by batter action, the subsequent runner becomes marked as an automatic runner.

In most cases, the play on a runner indicates the fielding credits involved in putting him out. Chadwick also reports a fielding play on a runner when the runner is safe on a dropped throw, such as 3E1 or FC6.1X2(6E4).

Fielding errors (fields 51-57)

Up to three errors can be indicated in cwevent output. Supported error types are:

• F for generic fielding errors;

• D for dropped or muffed balls; and

• T for throwing errors.

Pitcher responsibility for runs (fields 75-77)

The Official Rules for charging runs to pitchers stipulate that if a pitcher is relieved in the middle of an inning with runners left on base, he is charged with runs if those runners (or the ones who replace them in the event of fielder’s choices) subsequently score in the inning. The current rule is Rule 9.16(g), the comment on which in the rules states:

It is the intent of Rule 9.16(g) to charge each pitcher with the number of runners he put on base, rather than with the individual runners. When a pitcher puts runners on base and is relieved, such pitcher shall be charged with all runs subsequently scored up to and including the number of runners such pitcher left on base when such pitcher left the game, unless such runners are put out without action by the batter.

Chadwick implements this by assigning “responsibility” for runners, and shifting those runners after fielder’s choices as appropriate to implement the rule. Fields 75 through 77 report the pitcher currently “charged” with runners on base using this method.

There is one special case to note in reporting these fields. As noted, a fielder’s choice does not absolve a departed pitcher for responsibility for a potential run. Ordinarily it is good enough to report the shift in responsibility at the start of the next play. However, consider the following scenario: The bases are loaded, with the runner on third (R3) the responsibility of Pitcher A and runners on second and first (R2 and R1) the responsibility of Pitcher B. The batter hits a ground ball and R3 is forced at home. Then, the catcher throws wildly trying to complete the double play, and as a result R2 scores. In this case, the run scored by R2 is charged to Pitcher A, not Pitcher B, i.e., the responsibility shifts in the middle of the play. In order to facilitate calculation of runs and earned runs allowed correctly from cwevent output, in this case, the record for the play will report R2 as being the responsibility of Pitcher A, i.e., it will report the responsibility after the mid-play shift.

This convention will not affect most applications. Indeed, the Official Rules technically do not have a concept of assigning responsibility to particular runners, and the contents of fields 75-77 only have meaning on plays in which the corresponding runners score. This convention may confuse certain calculations, however, including those which try to track what happens to inherited runners, if one does not take appropriate care to handle this very unusual case.

Catcher responsibility (extended fields 30-32)

Catcher responsibility is not an official statistic. Chadwick defines it as an analogue of pitcher responsibility, intended to support calculations such as catcher ERA.

When a batter becomes a runner, responsibility is assigned to the catcher who was in the game at the end of the batter’s plate appearance. Chadwick does not implement an analogue of the special pitcher-responsibility rule for a pitching change during a plate appearance. An automatically placed runner is assigned to the catcher in the game when the runner is placed. Subsequent catcher substitutions do not change responsibility for existing runners, and replacing a runner with a pinch-runner or courtesy runner also preserves the assignment.

On fielder’s choices, catcher responsibility shifts between runners using the same rules Chadwick applies to pitcher responsibility. Consequently, RUN1_RESP_CAT_ID, RUN2_RESP_CAT_ID, and RUN3_RESP_CAT_ID report the catcher currently associated with each runner under this convention; they do not represent an official scoring credit or charge.

Fielding credits (fields 88-95)

The order in which Chadwick and the Retrosheet-provided tools list putouts and assists may vary. The number of plays on which this occurs is quite few, and generally in cases where there is a putout in the primary event as well as one in the baserunning modifiers. The words “first”, “second” and so on do not necessarily indicate chronological order of the credits, though in most cases they do.

Reporting of counts

The count element of a play record gives the ball-strike count at the beginning of its pitch sequence. Standard fields 5 and 6, BALLS_CT and STRIKES_CT, report the first and second characters of this element, respectively, provided that it contains at least two characters and neither character is ?. If either part of the count is unknown, or the element is otherwise too short, both fields report zero. Thus these fields cannot distinguish an unknown count from a genuine count of 0-0.

The DiamondWare data model originally assumed that pitch-level data for a game was one of all pitches, count only, or no pitches (see the info,pitches metadata field). However, many Retrosheet files contain count data for selected plate appearances, where known, and use ? for an unknown number of balls or strikes.

Extended field 63, COUNT_TX, reports the count element verbatim, including question marks. It therefore preserves the distinction between an unknown count and 0-0. Together with PITCH_SEQ_TX and EVENT_TX, it makes all three of the main elements of the play record accessible in cwevent output.

For substitutions during a plate appearance, cwsub reports the count, pitch sequence, and cumulative pitch-type counts at the point of the substitution. Its BALLS_CT and STRIKES_CT fields report zero for an unknown count, following the same convention as cwevent, and its own COUNT_TX field likewise reports the count verbatim so that an unknown count can be distinguished from a genuine 0-0.

Pitch-type counts (extended fields 33-44)

These fields count pitch codes in PITCH_SEQ_TX for the plate appearance represented by the event record. Each pitch code is classified as follows:

Pitch-type classifications

Field	Category	Pitch codes
PA_BALL_CT	balls	B, H, I, P
PA_CALLED_BALL_CT	called balls	B
PA_INTENT_BALL_CT	intentional balls	I
PA_PITCHOUT_BALL_CT	pitchouts	P
PA_HITBATTER_BALL_CT	hit batters	H
PA_OTHER_BALL_CT	other balls	V
PA_STRIKE_CT	strikes	C, F, K, L, M, O, Q, R, S, T, X, Y
PA_CALLED_STRIKE_CT	called strikes	C
PA_SWINGMISS_STRIKE_CT	swinging strikes	M, Q, S
PA_FOUL_STRIKE_CT	foul balls	F, L, O, R, T
PA_INPLAY_STRIKE_CT	balls in play	X, Y
PA_OTHER_STRIKE_CT	other strikes	A, K

The fields count pitch-sequence entries, not changes to the official ball-strike count. For example, a foul with two strikes is still counted in PA_FOUL_STRIKE_CT. Codes in the pitch sequence which are not listed above, such as pickoff attempts and other non-pitch markers, are not counted.

Automatic balls (V) and automatic strikes (A) are classified in the corresponding PA_OTHER_* fields, but are not included in PA_BALL_CT or PA_STRIKE_CT because no pitch was thrown. Consequently, the component fields do not necessarily sum to the ball and strike totals.

These counts are only as complete as the pitch sequence in the source event file. A missing or partial pitch sequence produces zero or partial counts; the fields do not reconstruct pitches from the reported ball-strike count. For a substitution during a plate appearance, cwsub reports the same pitch-type counts as accumulated at the time of the substitution.